This article first probes the relationship between general/utopian and specific/reformist approaches to social problem solving to endorse the paradigmatic shift from the former to the latter. It then presents the Popperian 3 world theory and augments it with the views of Lacatos to highlight the effective role of rival research programs and cross-criticism in social problem solving and the advancement of science. Finally, based on these theoretical formulations, the article critiques problem solving approaches within the Iranian academic structure. problem solving, science, 3 worlds, general to specific, research program, academia, objective knowledge, criticism, Iran.

Introduction: Deep physical and psychological changes in pregnancy can affect women's sexual relations. This study aims to investigate the effect of psychological counseling on problem-solving skills on sexual dysfunction and satisfaction of pregnant women. Methods: In a pre-test-post-test intervention study, 70 pregnant volunteers meeting the inclusion criteria, referring to health centers in Arak City, and with sexual function and sexual satisfaction questionnaire scores of less than 28 and 42, respectively, were randomly assigned to two intervention groups of 35 and a control group. The intervention group received six counseling sessions based on problem-solving, and both groups received routine care. Rosen's sexual performance questionnaire and Larson's sexual satisfaction questionnaire were answered by both groups before, immediately, and one month after the intervention. Data analysis was done using Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, and Repeated measure tests. Results: The repeated measure design test showed that immediately and one month after the intervention, the average sexual performance (26.82 ± 1.61 and 28.88 ± 1.1) and sexual satisfaction (39.22 ± 2.27 and 15.15) (43.19 ± 2) compared to the control group (23.69±1.97, 22.63±2.08) (36.23±2.44, 35.06±2.46) compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that counseling based on problem-solving improves the performance and sexual satisfaction of pregnant women effectively and can be included in educational protocols during pregnancy to improve the quality of sexual life.

Culture, education and action of problem solving through describing their historical, structural and functional situation, and sketching some normative conditions are the main subjects of the essay. It is usually considered that culture should deal with value domain and action deal with real affairs. The relations of culture, morality and education will be actually realized through communication. Here, communication is the symbol of live dynamism between action and culture. The dynamism of communicative reason and cultural actions that imply the products, memories, instrumental actions interact each other critically. Cultural action is an endeavor for linking the spectrum of values and its potential for influencing "real affair". The function of communicative reason is understanding and the function of instrumental reason implies an invasive successfulness. The first claim of this article is to clarify the communication, manipulation, propaganda, mythification, their imposing, invivo aspects, and blending and implicit confusion with education. The purpose of morality in education is to differentiate this blending and integrity and consequentially the possibility of the action of individuals. The second claim is that the problem solving is the heuristic role of empathetical evaluation and understanding two rationalities; which is the symbol of the human will and individual responsibility and education. This article tried to answer to the question of historical, genesis and structural-functional complexity and hermeneutical aspect of this issue. The theoretical attempt of this article tried to explain social and cultural meanings of education, problem solving and heuristic role of individuality, communication and morality.